Paul Dirac's
stated "The underlying physical laws necessary for the mathematical theory of a
large part of physics and the whole of chemistry are thus completely known and
the difficulty is only in that the exact application of these laws lead to
equations much too complicated to be soluble".
Dirac PA, Proc. R.
Soc. London 1929; A123: 714-733.
"On account of this formidable complexity, chemistry possesses inevitably one aspect of depending on the analogy through experience. This is in a sense said to be the fate allotted to chemistry, and the source of a great difference in character from physics."
Fukui K.
Nobel Lecture. 1981
Fukui in 1982 stated that "chemistry
inevitably depends on analogy through experience due to the formidable
complexity".
Fukui K.
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1982; 21:
801-809.
In 1988
Michael Dewar stated "It should be remembered that no current procedure,
ab initio or semiempirical, can lead by itself to reliable predictions of
reaction mechanisms. The best approach is to combine experiment with
calculation, including data for as many different properties and for as many
different molecules as possible".
Dewar MJS, Healy EF, Ruiz JM, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1988; 110: 2666-2667.
In 1985 Dewar stated "The problems of chemistry
cannot be solved, and will not be solved in the forseeable future, by a priori
quantum mechanical calculation".
Dewar MJS, J. Phys. Chem. 1985; 89:
2145-2150.
Methods for determining
the occurence and extent of mesomerism have been developed by Pauling and others, but they
belong to the modern period. The device of writing down the possible structures and estimating
the contribution which each makes to the actual condition of the molecule is a calculus
and not a theory of structure, though it has often been misunderstood as such.
Robert Robinson
J. Chem. Soc. 1947; 1288-1301.
In 2008 Stefan Grimme (a quantum chemist) stated that “a systematic increase of the accuracy of thermodynamic computations based on ab initio methods is not feasible for large systems”. He also stated that “even if only the electronic contributions are considered quantum mechanically (what is normally done in QC), the necessary equations will be too complex to be solved but for the simplest (one-electron) systems” and in relation to post-HF correlated approaches “this increases the computational requirements drastically, and for highly accurate methods, the hardware and CPU-time requirements are so demanding that only systems with about 5-10 atoms heavier than hydrogen can be treated.” Furthermore he stated “Nevertheless, the accuracy of MP2, as well as of DFT, is often not sufficient in many application”. He also spoke of the self-interaction error problem that still plagues current DFT and he is developing new quantum chemicals methods to deal with large molecules.
Schwabe T, Grimme S, Acc. Chem. Res. 2008; 41 ; 569-579.
In 1978
S.W. Benson stated in relation to the prediction of equilibrium constants "An ab
initio quantum mechanical approach to such a task is not feasible now or in the
near future"
S.W. Benson
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1978; 17: 812-819.
In 1990 Roth and
Doering stated in relation to the present quantum chemical techniques that "the
ability to calculate within 1 kcal/mol
or better enthalpies of formation of any arrangement of a chemically reasonable
number of atoms, seems to remain out of reach for the indefinite
future".
Roth WR,
Lennartz H-W, Doering W von E, Birladeanu E.L, Guyton CA, Kitagawa T, J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 1990; 112: 1722-1732.
In 1990 Carpenter stated that full-scale
trajectory calculations "are impractical, even with modern supercomputers, for
molecules of interest to organic chemists"
Newman-Evans RH, Simon RJ, Carpenter BK, J. Org.
Chem. 1990; 55: 695-711.
Murray Gell-Mann in 1994 stated that "In practise,
even with the aid of the largest and fastest computers available today, only the
simplest chemical problems are amenable to actual calculations from basic
physical theory. The number of such amenable problems is growing, but most
situations in chemistry are still described using concepts and formulae at the
level of chemistry rather than that of physics".
Gell-Mann M. The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures in
the Simple and the Complex, Abacus 1995.
In 2003 Irmgard
Frank stated that "if the reaction pathway is not a priori restrictable to a few
internal degrees of freedom, the determination of the corresponding
multidimensional surface of the corresponding multidimensional surface becomes
prohibitive, no matter what quantum-chemical method is used…in addition, it may
be difficult even in relatively small molecular systems to assess the real
motion of the system on the basis of the potential surface".
Frank I, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.
Engl. 2003; 42: 1569-1571.
In 2006 Bierbaum stated that 'Determing
activation enthalpies with an accuracy of 0.5 kcal mol-1 or better is a
difficult computational task'. This paper also highlights the fact that small
deviations in the activation enthalpy can have a large effect on the branching
ratios in chemical reactions.
Villano SM, Kato S, Bierbaum VM, J. Am. Chem. Soc
2006; 128: 736-737.
In 2004 Leszczynski stated that 'Despite progress in
this field, it is still quite difficult to calculate the properties of molecules
in their electronic excited states, especially for relatively large molecular
systems".
Sheng Y,
Leszczynski J, Garcia AA, Rosario R, Gust D, Springer J, J. Phys. Chem. B
2004; 108: 16233-16243.
Dannenberg
recognises that quantum predictions must ultimately be supported by experiment
and are 'likely to be in error in at least some detail'.
Dannenberg JJ, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.
1976; 15: 519-525.
Warner recognises the problem of knowing which results
can be trusted, given that not all systems can be subjected to the expensive G2
treatment
Warner PM,
J. Org. Chem. 1996; 61: 7192-7194.